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| Birth Defects Included
What birth defects are included?
| Birth Defects Studied in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study by System Affected |
| System Affected |
Birth Defects Studied |
| Cardiovascular |
Anomalous pulmonary venous return, conotruncal heart defects, heterotaxy, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, obstructive heart defects, septal heart defects, single ventricle |
| Central Nervous System |
Anencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation, encephalocele, holoprosencephaly, hydrocephaly, spina bifida |
| Eye |
Anophthalmia/microphthalmia, congenital cataracts, glaucoma
|
| Ear |
Anotia/microtia |
| Orofacial |
Choanal atresia, cleft lip, cleft palate
|
| Gastrointestinal |
Biliary atresia, esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula, intestinal atresia
|
Genitourinary
|
Hypospadias (2nd or 3rd degree), renal agenesis (bilateral)
|
| Musculoskeletal |
Bladder exstrophy, cloacal exstrophy, craniosynostosis, diaphragmatic hernia, gastroschisis, limb deficiency, omphalocele, sacral agenesis/caudal regression
|
| Non-system-specific |
Amniotic band sequence |
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